Last Updated on February 6, 2019 by Admin
1.3.2.4 Lab – Tracing Internet Connectivity Answers
Lab – Tracing Internet Connectivity (Answers Version)
Answers Note: Red font color or gray highlights indicate text that appears in the Answers copy only.
Objectives
- Determine network connectivity to a destination host
- Trace a route to a remote server using tracert
Background / Scenario
Data travels from a source end device to a destination device. Route tracing software lists the path traversed by this data.
This route tracing software is typically executed at the command line as:
tracert <destination network name or end device address>
(Microsoft Windows systems)
or
traceroute <destination network name or end device address>
(UNIX, Linux systems, and Cisco devices, such as switches and routers)
Both tracert and traceroute determine the route taken by packets across an IP network.
The tracert (or traceroute) tool is often used for network troubleshooting. By showing a list of routers traversed, the user can identify the path taken to reach a particular destination on the network or across internetworks. Each router represents a point where one network connects to another network and through which the data packet was forwarded. The number of routers traversed is known as the number of hops the data traveled from source to destination.
Command-line based route tracing tools are usually embedded with the operating system of the end device. This activity should be performed on a computer that has Internet access and access to a command line.
Answers Note: Some institutions disable ICMP echo replies throughout the network. Before students begin this activity, make sure there are no local restrictions related to ICMP datagrams. This activity assumes that ICMP datagrams are not restricted by any local security policy.
Required Resources
PC with Internet access
Step 1: Determine Network Connectivity to a Destination Host.
To trace the route to a distant network, the PC must have a working connection to the Internet. Use the ping command to test whether a host is reachable. Packets of information are sent to the remote host with instructions to reply. The PC measures whether each packet receives a response, and how long it takes for those packets to cross the network.
- At the command-line prompt, type ping www.cisco.com to determine if it is reachable.
- Now ping one of the Regional Internet Registry (RIR) websites located in different parts of the world to determine if it is reachable:
Africa: www.afrinic.net
Australia: www.apnic.net
South America: www.lacnic.net
North America: www.arin.net
Note: At the time of writing, the European RIR www.ripe.net does not reply to ICMP echo requests.
The website you selected will be used in Part 2 for use with the tracert command.
Step 2: Trace a Route to a Remote Server Using Tracert.
After you use ping to determine if your chosen websites are reachable, you will use tracert to determine the path to reach the remote server. Look closely at each network segment that is crossed.
Each hop in the tracert results displays the routes that the packets take when traveling to the final destination. The PC sends three ICMP echo request packets to the remote host. Each router in the path decrements the time to live (TTL) value by 1 before passing it onto the next system. To decrement is to count down. When the decremented TTL value reaches 0, the router sends an ICMP Time Exceeded message back to the source with its IP address and the current time. When the final destination is reached, an ICMP echo reply is sent to the source host.
- At the prompt, trace the route to www.cisco.com.
C:\Users\User1> tracert www.cisco.com
Tracing route to e144.dscb.akamaiedge.net [23.67.208.170]
over a maximum of 30 hops:
1 1 ms <1 ms <1 ms 192.168.1.1
2 14 ms 7 ms 7 ms 10.39.0.1
3 10 ms 8 ms 7 ms 172.21.0.118
4 11 ms 11 ms 11 ms 70.169.73.196
5 10 ms 9 ms 11 ms 70.169.75.157
6 60 ms 49 ms * 68.1.2.109
7 43 ms 39 ms 38 ms Equinix-DFW2.netarch.akamai.com [206.223.118.102]
8 33 ms 35 ms 33 ms a23-67-208-170.deploy.akamaitechnologies.com [23.67.208.170]
In this example, the source host sends three ICMP echo request packets to the first hop (192.168.1.1) with the TTL value of 1. When the router 192.168.1.1 receives the echo request packets, it decrements the TTL value to 0. The router sends an ICMP Time Exceeded message back to the source. This process continues until the source host sends the last three ICMP echo request packets with TTL values of 8 (hop number 8 in the output above), which is the final destination. After the ICMP echo request packets arrive at the final destination, the router responds to the source with ICMP echo replies.
For hops 2 and 3, these IP addresses are private addresses. These routers are the typical setup for point-of-presence (POP) of ISP. The POP devices connect users to an ISP network. - Now perform a tracert to one of RIR web sites from Part 1.
Africa: www.afrinic.net
Australia: www.apnic.net
South America: www.lacnic.net
North America: www.arin.net - A web-based “whois” tool is found at http://whois.domaintools.com/. It can be used to determine the domains traveled from the source to destination.
List the domains below from your tracert results using a web-based whois tool, such as http://whois.domaintools.com/.
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Answers will vary. cox.net, level3.com, registro.br