Introduction to Networks (version 6.00) – ITN Chapter 2 Exam Beta Online 2018 100%

Operating systems function with a shell, a kernel, and the hardware. The shell interfaces with the users, allowing them to request specific tasks from the device. The kernel provisions resources from the hardware to meet software requirements. The hardware functions by using drivers and their underlying electronics. The hardware represents the physical components of the device.

Telnet and SSH require active networking services to be configured on a Cisco device before they become functional. Cisco switches do not contain AUX ports.

Context-sensitive help provides the user with a list of commands and the arguments associated with those commands within the current mode of a networking device. A syntax checker provides error checks on submitted commands and the TAB key can be used for command completion if a partial command is entered.

The first part of the syntax, show, is the command, and the second part of the syntax, running-config, is the keyword. The keyword specifies what should be displayed as the output of the show command.

The show startup-config command displays the saved configuration located in NVRAM. The show running-config command displays the contents of the currently running configuration file located in RAM.​

End and CTRL-Z return the user to the privileged EXEC mode. Ctrl-C ends a command in process. The exit command returns the user to the previous level.

SSH is the preferred protocol for connecting to a device operating system over the network because it is much more secure than Telnet. Both SSH and Telnet are used to connect to devices over the network, and so are both used in-band. PuTTY and Terra Term can be used to make both SSH and Telnet connections.

If a Cisco IOS device has a valid IOS and a valid configuration file, it will boot into user EXEC mode. A password will be required to enter privileged EXEC mode.

Operating systems function with a shell, a kernel, and the hardware. The shell interfaces with the users, allowing them to request specific tasks from the device. The kernel provisions resources from the hardware to meet software requirements. The hardware functions by using drivers and their underlying electronics. The hardware represents the physical components of the device.

Access to the VTY and console interfaces can be restricted using passwords. Out-of-band management of the router can be restricted in both user EXEC and privileged EXEC modes.

As soon as configuration commands are entered into a router, they modify the device immediately. Running configuration files can not be deleted nor are they saved automatically.

The service password-encryption command encrypts plaintext passwords in the configuration file so that they cannot be viewed by unauthorized users.

A banner message can be an important part of the legal process in the event that someone is prosecuted for breaking into a device. A banner message should make it clear that only authorized personnel should attempt to access the device. However, the banner command does not prevent unauthorized entry.

It is important to configure a hostname because various authentication processes use the device hostname. Hostnames are helpful for documentation, and they identify the device during remote access.

RAM stores data that is used by the device to support network operations. The running configuration is stored in RAM. This type of memory is considered volatile memory because data is lost during a power cycle. Flash memory stores the IOS and delivers a copy of the IOS into RAM when a device is powered on. Flash memory is nonvolatile since it retains stored contents during a loss of power.

By using the service password encryption global configuration mode command, all passwords in the configuration file are encrypted so they cannot be viewed by unauthorized individuals.

The enable secret command secures access to the privileged EXEC mode of a Cisco router or switch.

The startup configuration file of a Cisco router or switch is stored in NVRAM, which is nonvolatile memory.

RAM is volatile memory and will lose all contents if the router or switch is restarted or shutdown.

The ping destination command can be used to test connectivity.

A switch, as a Layer 2 device, does not need an IP address to transmit frames to attached devices. However, when a switch is accessed remotely through the network, it must have a Layer 3 address. The IP address must be applied to a virtual interface rather than to a physical interface. Routers, not switches, function as default gateways.

In a Layer 2 switch, there is a switch virtual interface (SVI) that provides a means for remotely managing the device.

On a Windows PC, the ipconfig command can be used to verify the current IP configuration. The ping command can be used to verify connectivity to other network devices. The show interfaces and show ip interface brief commands are both Cisco IOS commands that are used to see the status of router and switch interfaces.

Cisco IOS switches have physical ports for devices to connect to, but also have one or more switch virtual interfaces (SVIs). These are virtual interfaces, because there is no physical hardware on the device associated with them, rather they are created in software. The virtual interface provides a means to remotely manage a switch over a network that is using IP. Each switch comes with one SVI appearing in the default configuration "out-of-the-box." The default SVI is interface VLAN1. The no shutdown command needs to be issued to activate this interface.​

Vlan1 is the default SVI. Because an SVI has been configured, the switch can be configured and managed remotely. FastEthernet0/0 is showing up and up, so a device is connected.

The show ip interface brief command is used to verify the status and IP address configuration of the physical and switch virtual interfaces (SVI).

Layer 2 switches use switch virtual interfaces (SVIs) to provide a means for remote access over IP. The default SVI on a Cisco switch is VLAN1.

The purpose of a subnet mask is to separate the network portion of the address from the host portion of the IP address. The network portion of the IP address is identified by all binary 1s in the subnet mask. Using a subnet mask of 255.255.0.0 identifies the first two octets of the IP address as the network portion.

DHCP provides dynamic and automatic IP address assignment to hosts.

A valid default gateway for the 10.1.100.0/24 network is an IP address within the network range of valid IP addresses, the range which is 10.1.100.1 through 10.1.100.254.